The American researchers assert that the habit to smoking depends on a hair colour and a skin. The it is more dark, the more person is located to nicotinic dependence.
The American researchers from Pensilvansky university declare that black and even dark-haired people sit down on cigarettes, than blondes is much easier. And, hence, and the illnesses connected with smoking, meet at them much more often and in heavier forms.
What such especial in colour hair and skin and why it so affects our will power? Physicians blame in all a pigment melanin which gives a dark shade to our head of hear. It can be developed in an organism naturally, and can and appear after sunburn. According to their researches, high level of this substance causes predilection of the person for tobacco.
“We have found out that concentration of melanin directly is connected with quantity of cigarettes which the person smokes for a day, and also level of nicotinic dependence and nicotine influence on an organism”, - quotes Medlinks the author of research of Ashes King.
On one of versions, the biochemical structure of melanin is similar to nicotine structure. On another, the pigment is capable to contact nicotine because of what that collects in an organism faster and longer keeps in body fabrics. It, in turn, leads to promptly developing and strong dependence, and also more serious consequences for health. It turns out, if to the blonde to "sit down", it is necessary to smoke long and regularly, it is enough to brunette to be indulged - and to refuse cigarettes it cannot any more.
“People with a melanin considerable quantity are inclined to certain type of the use of nicotine - dependences, - hence they will have is more often problems the health, arising because of smoking, - King continues. - dependence at these people can accept heavier forms, than at people with a light skin”.
During the research Americans have collected the data about 150 black smokers. In the questionnaire participants specified the norm of cigarettes a day and answered questions on degree of their nicotinic dependence. At the second stage scientists measured at participants substance level котинина. It is a product of a nicotinic exchange in an organism, on presence and which quantity nicotinic dependence is defined. At last, these indicators have compared to level of melanin at examinees.
However, while scientists do conclusions very cautiously. The obtained data still requires specification and updating, the subsequent researches are necessary.
The researches spent during the different periods of year and in different geographical zones, will help to eliminate influence of seasonal factors, such as sunburn. Besides alcohol consumption, physical activity, a diet, quantity of a fatty fabric, stress level can potentially influence nicotine level. “All these factors it is necessary to consider in the subsequent researches”, - King marks.
Saturday, November 21, 2009
Thursday, November 19, 2009
To smoke not only it is harmful, but also it is unprofitable
To refuse a bad habit killing a horse, for ever or at least for one day the World organisation of public health services calls today. The international day of refusal of smoking passes annually on the third Thursday of November more than in 90 countries of the world, including in Russia.
Portrait of the smoker
The Spanish seamen who have arrived in 1492 with expedition of Christopher Columbus to coast of continent, named America were later the first Europeans who have got acquainted with tobacco. By the way, later one of Columbus's companions by name of Rodrigo the Sherry has paid for the predilection for tobacco: having returned to Spain, it horrified the neighbours, letting out a smoke from a mouth and a nose. The court of Sacred inquisition has decided that soul of the Sherry the devil has seized, and has sentenced the seaman to seven years by galleys.
Now chain smokers are worldwide. In Russia smokes every second – from them of 65 % of men and to 30 % of women. Thus the bad habit is more than at three millions teenagers: 2,5 million young men and 0,5 million girls. Doctors who as anybody know another about harm of predilection for tobacco, and pregnant women (39 %) smoke even.
By the way, as has shown the research of annual prescription spent to Australia, people with mental infringements smoke more often than healthy people. Psychoanalysts explain it to that smoking is connected with irritation of an oral (oral) zone from which the baby receives the very first pleasures in a life: during time сосания milk it is sated and receives feeling of protection.
From such positions smoking is a sign of anxiety, desires to hide, avoid pressure. For this reason smoking meets at mentally sick people, than at mentally healthy is more often.
To smoke for the sake of smoke breaks?
Answers to a question why people with the healthy mentality, different smoke. One consider, as it was fashionable"to smoke earlier, and now -"stylishly". Someone believes that in all mass-media are guilty. The third smoke, because“ all smoke ”, from“ aspirations to imitate ”or because it“ helps dialogue ”. And someone has simply“ superfluous time ”for a cigarette.
As has shown one of interrogations on RIA Novosti news agency site, more often smokers the habit forces a cigarette to take simple in hands. The answer second for popularity - reception of pleasure from a cigarette. Also Russians in smoking-rooms remove stress or simply "smoke" for the company. Some the cigarette helps to concentrate.
It is remarkable that a part of the voted smokers smoke, that is less. Possibly, more often so women which, by the way, including from fear to type weight, to give up smoking more difficultly, than to men answer. By the way, in the XX-th century beginning to pregnant women not to grow stout, doctors advised to smoke.
About a nicotine drop
But now all has changed also physicians, on the contrary, urge smokers to refuse a bad habit as soon as possible. By data the CART, in the world dies each 6 seconds one person of the diseases connected with smoking of tobacco. Annually for this reason perishes about 5 million smokers. In Russia from the illnesses connected with the use of tobacco, annually dies 350 thousand persons.
By data the CART, in the world of 90 % of death from a cancer of lungs, 75 % - from a chronic bronchitis and 25 % - from an ischemic heart trouble are caused by smoking. Fans of tobacco in 13 times suffer a stenocardia and in 10 times more often a stomach ulcer, than non-smoking is more often.
Not less dangerously and passive smoking, it fatally influences respiratory system. Besides, a tobacco smoke - the strongest allergen. The passive smoker inhales the same dangerous substances, as the fan of cigarettes, despite their small concentration.
To itself is more expensive
Despite the fact that what in the world is to 120 methods of treatment of tobacco dependence and to the aid of smokers all new technologies (such come as electronic cigarettes), is practically applied all about 40 ways.
But most effective of them, according to visitors of a site of RIA Novosti news agency, is to take simple “itself in hands and not to smoke”. That who, probably, does not possess for this purpose sufficient will power, Russians suggest to leave on a desert island, without taking with itself any cigarette.
Also Russians consider as effective methods of struggle against nicotinic dependence daily reduction of quantity of the smoked cigarettes, book reading “easiest way to give up smoking”. Someone considers that if “to be smoked against the stop” the desire to smoke will be gone at once. Others suggest the help of experts to (be coded) or special means (a nicotinic plaster or special medicines).
Among numerous councils how to get rid of a bad habit, there is a such: daily to throw out exactly that sum which is spent for tobacco. By the way, if the person smokes a pack of cigarettes in cost of 40 roubles in a year the bad habit manages to it in 14 600 roubles in day. For this sum it is possible to buy 145 kg of pelmeni, either 490 chocolates, or 1460 toilet rolls, either one Zhk-TV, or 2-3 winter carriages for children.
If in a family two persons the received number doubles smoke. Accordingly, smoking spouses for a year could get without notable losses one fur coat, or 46 г gold, either the good laptop, or one usual horse.
For 10 years of the spouse, not refusing to in fatal predilection, refuse to itself purchase of the new domestic car, either a second-hand foreign car, or two square metres of habitation in Moscow.
Portrait of the smoker
The Spanish seamen who have arrived in 1492 with expedition of Christopher Columbus to coast of continent, named America were later the first Europeans who have got acquainted with tobacco. By the way, later one of Columbus's companions by name of Rodrigo the Sherry has paid for the predilection for tobacco: having returned to Spain, it horrified the neighbours, letting out a smoke from a mouth and a nose. The court of Sacred inquisition has decided that soul of the Sherry the devil has seized, and has sentenced the seaman to seven years by galleys.
Now chain smokers are worldwide. In Russia smokes every second – from them of 65 % of men and to 30 % of women. Thus the bad habit is more than at three millions teenagers: 2,5 million young men and 0,5 million girls. Doctors who as anybody know another about harm of predilection for tobacco, and pregnant women (39 %) smoke even.
By the way, as has shown the research of annual prescription spent to Australia, people with mental infringements smoke more often than healthy people. Psychoanalysts explain it to that smoking is connected with irritation of an oral (oral) zone from which the baby receives the very first pleasures in a life: during time сосания milk it is sated and receives feeling of protection.
From such positions smoking is a sign of anxiety, desires to hide, avoid pressure. For this reason smoking meets at mentally sick people, than at mentally healthy is more often.
To smoke for the sake of smoke breaks?
Answers to a question why people with the healthy mentality, different smoke. One consider, as it was fashionable"to smoke earlier, and now -"stylishly". Someone believes that in all mass-media are guilty. The third smoke, because“ all smoke ”, from“ aspirations to imitate ”or because it“ helps dialogue ”. And someone has simply“ superfluous time ”for a cigarette.
As has shown one of interrogations on RIA Novosti news agency site, more often smokers the habit forces a cigarette to take simple in hands. The answer second for popularity - reception of pleasure from a cigarette. Also Russians in smoking-rooms remove stress or simply "smoke" for the company. Some the cigarette helps to concentrate.
It is remarkable that a part of the voted smokers smoke, that is less. Possibly, more often so women which, by the way, including from fear to type weight, to give up smoking more difficultly, than to men answer. By the way, in the XX-th century beginning to pregnant women not to grow stout, doctors advised to smoke.
About a nicotine drop
But now all has changed also physicians, on the contrary, urge smokers to refuse a bad habit as soon as possible. By data the CART, in the world dies each 6 seconds one person of the diseases connected with smoking of tobacco. Annually for this reason perishes about 5 million smokers. In Russia from the illnesses connected with the use of tobacco, annually dies 350 thousand persons.
By data the CART, in the world of 90 % of death from a cancer of lungs, 75 % - from a chronic bronchitis and 25 % - from an ischemic heart trouble are caused by smoking. Fans of tobacco in 13 times suffer a stenocardia and in 10 times more often a stomach ulcer, than non-smoking is more often.
Not less dangerously and passive smoking, it fatally influences respiratory system. Besides, a tobacco smoke - the strongest allergen. The passive smoker inhales the same dangerous substances, as the fan of cigarettes, despite their small concentration.
To itself is more expensive
Despite the fact that what in the world is to 120 methods of treatment of tobacco dependence and to the aid of smokers all new technologies (such come as electronic cigarettes), is practically applied all about 40 ways.
But most effective of them, according to visitors of a site of RIA Novosti news agency, is to take simple “itself in hands and not to smoke”. That who, probably, does not possess for this purpose sufficient will power, Russians suggest to leave on a desert island, without taking with itself any cigarette.
Also Russians consider as effective methods of struggle against nicotinic dependence daily reduction of quantity of the smoked cigarettes, book reading “easiest way to give up smoking”. Someone considers that if “to be smoked against the stop” the desire to smoke will be gone at once. Others suggest the help of experts to (be coded) or special means (a nicotinic plaster or special medicines).
Among numerous councils how to get rid of a bad habit, there is a such: daily to throw out exactly that sum which is spent for tobacco. By the way, if the person smokes a pack of cigarettes in cost of 40 roubles in a year the bad habit manages to it in 14 600 roubles in day. For this sum it is possible to buy 145 kg of pelmeni, either 490 chocolates, or 1460 toilet rolls, either one Zhk-TV, or 2-3 winter carriages for children.
If in a family two persons the received number doubles smoke. Accordingly, smoking spouses for a year could get without notable losses one fur coat, or 46 г gold, either the good laptop, or one usual horse.
For 10 years of the spouse, not refusing to in fatal predilection, refuse to itself purchase of the new domestic car, either a second-hand foreign car, or two square metres of habitation in Moscow.
Monday, October 12, 2009
Kids dream about my father and mother without a cigarette
Nine out of ten children would not want to try to smoke and dream that their parents are tied with the harmful habit, say British experts on the basis of the results of a recent poll. Three-quarters of children whose parents smoke in the car, experiencing the impact of passive smoking on their health.
Also, the number of regular smokers of children 11-15 years old decreased by half from 1990. The results were published together with the appearance of a series of social advertisements aimed at combating smoking.
The British found that increased an entire generation of children who believe that smoking - is "not cool", and trying to fight the harmful habit of their parents. The researchers conducted a survey among 1000 children aged 8-13 years whose parents smoke, and found that 96% would want their parents to stop smoking, and two thirds would forego extra pocket money, if the parents did it. Four out of ten respondents were told that, at least one of their parents smoked, half of the parents smoked at home, and a third - in the car.
"We understand how difficult it is to quit smoking. I hope our new campaign will encourage mums and dads and they realize that they can say goodbye to the harmful habit with the help of professionals from the National Health System and with the support of their children. In fact, every week from diseases related to smoking in the country killed 2000 people and this has a devastating impact on the lives of children ", - said Minister of Health, UK, Gillian Merron (Gillian Merron).
Information about the appearance of the first "generation without smoking" confirmed by the latest statistics on smoking, according to which the number of smokers aged 11-15 years halved since the mid 1990's. Risk associated with smoking, it is absolutely clear to children. Nine out of ten informed about the dangers of passive smoking on health, and three-quarters know that smoking causes cancer.
Professor Terrence Stephenson (Terence Stephenson) from the Royal College of Paediatrics, said: "This is a very important study, and we should consider the effect of smoking parents in the presence of children on their health. We are very inspired by evidence that children know about the health risks associated with smoking, as well as about the dangers of passive smoking. We are particularly concerned that parents continue to smoke in cars when children are sitting in the back seat. Passive smoking leads to respiratory diseases such as asthma, problems with ears, and it is associated with sudden infant death syndrome.
Also, the number of regular smokers of children 11-15 years old decreased by half from 1990. The results were published together with the appearance of a series of social advertisements aimed at combating smoking.
The British found that increased an entire generation of children who believe that smoking - is "not cool", and trying to fight the harmful habit of their parents. The researchers conducted a survey among 1000 children aged 8-13 years whose parents smoke, and found that 96% would want their parents to stop smoking, and two thirds would forego extra pocket money, if the parents did it. Four out of ten respondents were told that, at least one of their parents smoked, half of the parents smoked at home, and a third - in the car.
"We understand how difficult it is to quit smoking. I hope our new campaign will encourage mums and dads and they realize that they can say goodbye to the harmful habit with the help of professionals from the National Health System and with the support of their children. In fact, every week from diseases related to smoking in the country killed 2000 people and this has a devastating impact on the lives of children ", - said Minister of Health, UK, Gillian Merron (Gillian Merron).
Information about the appearance of the first "generation without smoking" confirmed by the latest statistics on smoking, according to which the number of smokers aged 11-15 years halved since the mid 1990's. Risk associated with smoking, it is absolutely clear to children. Nine out of ten informed about the dangers of passive smoking on health, and three-quarters know that smoking causes cancer.
Professor Terrence Stephenson (Terence Stephenson) from the Royal College of Paediatrics, said: "This is a very important study, and we should consider the effect of smoking parents in the presence of children on their health. We are very inspired by evidence that children know about the health risks associated with smoking, as well as about the dangers of passive smoking. We are particularly concerned that parents continue to smoke in cars when children are sitting in the back seat. Passive smoking leads to respiratory diseases such as asthma, problems with ears, and it is associated with sudden infant death syndrome.
Tuesday, March 17, 2009
Monday, December 1, 2008
L'origine du tabac
Le tabac vient du mot ''TABAGO''. Chez les indiens d'Amérique, le tabac était surtout utilisé dans les cérémonies. Le tabac n'est connu en
Le tabac a été fumé en premier lieu par les Amérindiens depuis des temps indéterminés. En 1556, André Thévet introduit la plante en
Le tabac a été utilisé par de nombreuses tribus amérindiennes, notamment au cours de rituels religieux et sociaux, dès les premiers siècles de notre ère comme en atteste la découverte de pipes et de représentations de dieux et de prêtres fumant vieilles de près de 2 000 ans. Inconnu hors du continent américain jusqu'en 1492, son usage gagna rapidement le monde entier à la suite de la découverte de l'Amérique par Christophe Colomb. Ce dernier rencontra des fumeurs de tabac lorsqu'il jeta l'ancre devant
La culture fut introduite en 1580 en Turquie et en Russie, en 1590 en Inde et au Japon, en 1600 en Grèce, aux Philippines et en Indochine. Dès le milieu du dix-septième siècle, le tabac était cultivé sur pratiquement toute la planète.
Malgré des tentatives de prohibition dans plusieurs pays, allant parfois jusqu'à la peine de mort comme en Turquie au dix-septième siècle, son usage se répandit dans le monde entier. Aussi, la plupart des états préférèrent rapidement instituer des taxes ou se réserver l'exclusivité de son commerce.
Appelé nicotiane en l'honneur de son découvreur, le tabac rencontra un grand succès à la cour de France, où on lui prêtait des vertus médicinales.
Le Cardinal de Richelieu instaura une taxe sur le tabac, et Colbert établit un monopole d'État de la vente en 1674. L'usage du tabac devint
Le tabac etait utilisé pour la première fois par les Mayas puis par diverses tribus amérindiennes, notamment au cours de rituels religieux et sociaux. Le tabac etait surtout une plante sacrée et curative utilisée par les prêtres et les chamanes. Sa fumée servait alors a communiquer avec les esprits et à apaiser les douleurs.
Il était consommé roulé jusqu'à obtenir une sorte de long cigare ou par l'intermédiaire d'un long tube nommé "tobago". En Amérique du Sud, la découverte de pipes vieilles de plus de 2000 ans mais également de représentations de dieux et de prêtres fumant, corrobore cette hypothèse.
Depuis l'introduction en France de la cigarette en 1825, et son industrialisation en 1840, la consommation de tabac n'a cessé de croître jusque dans les années 1980. La seconde moitié des années 1990 a été marquée par une diminution notable du nombre de consommateurs quotidiens : en 2007 évalué à 25 % de la population française, soit 15 millions de personnes. Le nombre de cigarettes fumées est de 100 milliards par an soit 18 par jour et par fumeur.
Une estimation d'une baisse de 750 000 personnes fumeuses durant 2007[3]. Cette baisse est imputable aux dispositifs des lois Evin et de ses nombreuses modifications : alors que le tabac était retiré de l'indice des prix de l'INSEE, le coût pour le consommateur augmentait périodiquement. Ainsi le prix des cigarettes a crû de 40 % sur la période octobre 2003 - janvier 2004, tandis que de nombreuses mesures d'aide à l'arrêt du tabac furent promues, comme la médicalisation des substituts nicotiniques.
Aux États-Unis, 20,8 % de la population fume en 2006. Cette proportion a diminué de plus de moitié depuis 1965. Parmi les jeunes, 21,7 % des lycéens et 8,4 % des collégiens fumaient en 2004. Le tabagisme est responsable de près de 440 000 décès annuels.
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